In 950 BC, King Solomon was reported to have brought artisans from Tyre to provide purple fabrics to decorate the Temple of Jerusalem. In the poems of Sappho (6th century BC) she celebrates the skill of the dyers of the Greek kingdom of Lydia who made purple footwear, and in the play of Aeschylus (525–456 BC), Queen Clytemnestra welcomes back her husband Agamemnon by decorating the palace with purple carpets. In the Odyssey, the blankets on the wedding bed of Odysseus are purple. In the Iliad of Homer, the belt of Ajax is purple, and the tails of the horses of Trojan warriors are dipped in purple. The term used for purple in the 4th-century Latin Vulgate version of the Bible passage is purpura or Tyrian purple. It was mentioned in the Hebrew Bible ( Old Testament) in the Book of Exodus, God instructs Moses to have the Israelites bring him an offering including cloth "of blue, and purple, and scarlet," to be used in the curtains of the Tabernacle and the garments of priests. Tyrian purple became the color of kings, nobles, priests and magistrates all around the Mediterranean. The exact hue varied between crimson and violet, but it was always rich, bright and lasting. Then either wool, linen or silk would be dyed. The process had to be stopped at exactly the right time to obtain the desired color, which could range from a bright crimson to a dark purple, the color of dried blood. In the sunlight the juice turned white, then yellow-green, then green, then violet, then a red which turned darker and darker. There, a remarkable transformation took place. The snails were left to soak, then a tiny gland was removed and the juice extracted and put in a basin, which was placed in the sunlight. Mountains of empty shells have been found at the ancient sites of Sidon and Tyre. Thousands of the tiny snails had to be found, their shells cracked, the snail removed. The process of making the dye was long, difficult and expensive. The deep, rich purple dye made from this snail became known as Tyrian purple. Clothing colored with the Tyrian dye was mentioned in both the Iliad of Homer and the Aeneid of Virgil.
Īs early as the 15th century BC the citizens of Sidon and Tyre, two cities on the coast of Ancient Phoenicia, (present day Lebanon), were producing purple dye from a sea snail called the spiny dye-murex. These works have been dated to between 16,000 and 25,000 BC. The artists of Pech Merle cave and other Neolithic sites in France used sticks of manganese and hematite powder to draw and paint animals and the outlines of their own hands on the walls of their caves. Purple first appeared in prehistoric art during the Neolithic era. Relationship to violetīyzantine Emperor Justinian I clad in Tyrian purple, 6th-century mosaic at Basilica of San Vitale The first recorded use of the word purple dates to the late 900s AD. The modern English word purple comes from the Old English purpul, which derives from Latin purpura, which, in turn, derives from the Greek πορφύρα ( porphura), the name of the Tyrian purple dye manufactured in classical antiquity from a mucus secreted by the spiny dye-murex snail. 5.4 The artificial, materialism and beauty.5.3 Vanity, extravagance, individualism.5.2 Piety, faith, penitence, and theology.2.2 Purple in the Byzantine Empire and Carolingian Europe.2.1 In prehistory and the ancient world: Tyrian purple.When combined with pink, it is associated with eroticism, femininity, and seduction. Īccording to contemporary surveys in Europe and the United States, purple is the color most often associated with rarity, royalty, magic, mystery and piety. Similarly in Japan, the color is traditionally associated with the emperor and aristocracy. Purple was the color worn by Roman magistrates it became the imperial color worn by the rulers of the Byzantine Empire and the Holy Roman Empire, and later by Roman Catholic bishops. Purple has long been associated with royalty, originally because Tyrian purple dye, made from the mucus secretion of a species of snail, was extremely expensive in antiquity. In the CMYK color model used in printing, purples are made by combining magenta pigment with either cyan pigment, black pigment, or both. In the RYB color model historically used by painters, purples are created with a combination of red and blue pigments. In the RGB color model used in computer and television screens, purples are produced by mixing red and blue light. Purple is any of a variety of colors with hue between red and blue. Clockwise from top left: Bishops, Queen Elizabeth II, Grapes, Creeping Phlox, Sunset
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